The use of electrical stimulators with medical aims has increased exponentially in the last years. The uses are very different. Though the most widely known are referred to as the approaches performed by neurosurgeons, evidence has recently appeared, supporting its use by many other medical specialties. Electrical stimulation can be applied transcutaneously (TENS) or percutaneously (PENS). The target of electrical stimulation can be a nerve, inducing electric conductivity and finally acting over the innervated structure, ...
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The use of electrical stimulators with medical aims has increased exponentially in the last years. The uses are very different. Though the most widely known are referred to as the approaches performed by neurosurgeons, evidence has recently appeared, supporting its use by many other medical specialties. Electrical stimulation can be applied transcutaneously (TENS) or percutaneously (PENS). The target of electrical stimulation can be a nerve, inducing electric conductivity and finally acting over the innervated structure, which is activated, or starting a reflex with the involvement of the spinal cord. The stimulation can also act directly over a muscle, inducing a contraction. The effects of electrical stimulation are very diverse, ranging from the development of an artificial reflex and consequently activating the stomach, the pancreas or a sphincter, to a continuous muscular contraction, provoking hypertrophia of the structure and hyperfunction, or to the identification of a laryngeal recurrent nerve during a thyroidectomy, avoiding its damage. Moreover, electrical stimulation has been also used to reduce the feeling of pain, as the stimulation of somatic fibers somehow masks the transmission of nociceptive ones. The aim of this book is to revise the actual evidence about the different uses of electrical stimulation by digestive and endocrine surgeons.
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PLEASE NOTE, WE DO NOT SHIP TO DENMARK. New Book. Shipped from UK in 4 to 14 days. Established seller since 2000. Please note we cannot offer an expedited shipping service from the UK.
Choose your shipping method in Checkout. Costs may vary based on destination.
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New. Intended for professional and scholarly audience. In Stock. 100% Money Back Guarantee. Brand New, Perfect Condition, allow 4-14 business days for standard shipping. To Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. protectorate, P.O. box, and APO/FPO addresses allow 4-28 business days for Standard shipping. No expedited shipping. All orders placed with expedited shipping will be cancelled. Over 3, 000, 000 happy customers.
