This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1913 Excerpt: ...at one stroke the entire brood of pseudo-constitutional formulae. If chemists no longer waste their time in wrangling over the question whether, for example, methylamine is methane, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by the amido group, or ammonia, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by methyl, the merit ...
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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1913 Excerpt: ...at one stroke the entire brood of pseudo-constitutional formulae. If chemists no longer waste their time in wrangling over the question whether, for example, methylamine is methane, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by the amido group, or ammonia, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by methyl, the merit is Kekule's." 1 Constitutional formulae then are based on tho application in some shape or other of the fundamental idea of definite and limited combining capacity discovered by Frankland. As time has gone on many attempts have been made to extend the idea so as to include not only the well-defined examples of constitution already given, but to account for such phenomena as the capacity for combination exhibited by apparently saturated compounds such as water, and the variation of valency exhibited by certain elements. Nitrogen, for example, appears bivalent in nitric oxide NO, trivalent in ammonia NH3, 1 Professor Japp's "Kekuld's Memorial Lecture" (Tratu. Chem. Soc., Feb. 1898). and quinquevalent in ammonium chloride NH4C1. Chemists are far from being agreed on these subjects. As to a physical explanation of valency, if one could be found and completely established on a sufficiently firm foundation, a step would be achieved which would lead us a long way toward a knowledge of the physical nature of chemical "affinity." itself. This can hardly be said to have been yet accomplished. There are, however, two distinct theories which are not only quite modern, but are distinguished from all the previous vague conceptions by the support which each derives from knowledge comparatively recently acquired. The one attributes combination to electrical charges associated with the active atoms of the elements, and this will be refe...
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