A Study Of The Heart Sutra
Even though it is hardly a single page in length, the Heart Sutra is probably the most famous Buddhist sutra. The Heart Sutra dates from about 350 A.D., by best estimates, and is part of the broad school of Buddhism known as the Mahayana, as distinguished from the earlier tradition known as the Theravada. The Heart Sutra is a distillation of a series of Mahayana texts known as the "Perfection of Wisdom" sutras some of which consist of as much as 100,000 stanzas. (The Diamond Sutra is the other well known Perfection of Wisdom sutra) The Heart Sutra thus is difficult in its brevity almost as much as in the profundity of its teachings.
Professor Donald Lopez is a well-known academic Buddhist scholar whose books tend to take a historical, almost naturalistic approach to Buddhism. His early book, "The Heart Sutra explained" consists of the brief text of the Heart Sutra together with an introduction and a commentary. The commentary is not modern in character. Instead, Professor Lopez' commentary is based upon the work of seven classical commentators on the Heart Sutra from medieval India written between about 750 and 1050 A.D. Professor Lopez also provides in full two Tibetan commentaries on the Heart Sutra dating from the 19th Century.
Following the introduction, the first part of the book is a detailed commentary on the text of the Heart Sutra, beginning with the title. The commentary focuses on the two most famous parts of the Sutra, the difficult statement that "Form is emptiness; emptiness is form", and the mantra near the conclusion of the Sutra, which is generally translated as "Gone, gone, gone beyond, gone completely beyond, enlightenment."
Lopez discusses the comments of the Indian and Tibetan commentators on each section of this text and also offers his own explanatory background information. The book is a difficult reading, of a difficult text and difficult commentaries. The book did help me with the text and helped me understand Mahayana Buddhism. The Heart Sutra presupposes in its readers a basic understanding of the earlier form of Buddhism and its teachings.
The second part of a book consists of commentaries on the Heart Sutra by two 19th century Tibetan teachers. Both are lengthy and difficult. The first commentary is rationalistic in character, I think, while the second commentary is longer and takes a tantric approach to the text.
I thought the title of Professor Lopez' book, "The Heart Sutra Explained" was something of an overstatement, in that the Heart Sutra may be a text that resists and denies explanation. This notwithstanding, I learned from the book and feel better able to approach the Heart Sutra.
There are many books available on Buddhism, but relatively few are based strictly on the Buddhist texts themselves and fewer still offer the reader the opportunity to approach the texts through ancient commentaries. Professor Lopez' book does both. Although difficult, I think this textual approach is the best way to understand Buddhism for the serious student.
Robin Friedman
