This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1913 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER X RADIOACTIVE MINERALS AND THEIR AGES The rate of helium production from uranium and thorium--Lead the final product of the uranium family--- Its accumulation in geological time--Lead and helium ratios as a measure of geological time--Assumptions to be granted--Value of analyses in deciding ...
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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1913 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER X RADIOACTIVE MINERALS AND THEIR AGES The rate of helium production from uranium and thorium--Lead the final product of the uranium family--- Its accumulation in geological time--Lead and helium ratios as a measure of geological time--Assumptions to be granted--Value of analyses in deciding quality of material for estimating ratios--Necessity for fresh, stable, primary rock minerals--Strutt's work on the helium ratio--The lead ratio--Boltwood's collection of analyses--Examples, with geological data--The author's work on the Devonian minerals of Norway. S we saw in Chapter VII the a-particlcs which _ are emitted at certain points in the line of descent of the radioactive elements have been identified with helium. Fortunately the evidence is conclusive, for upon this identification depends the latest and most elegant method yet devised of measuring geological time. When all the members of a genetically related series of radio-elements are in equilibrium, the transformation proceeds in such a way that an equal number of atoms of each element disintegrates in the same time. When an atom of uranium disintegrates it does so with the production of two atoms of helium. At the same time, as indicated in the diagram, page 190, each of six other members of the family also emit a single atom of helium. Consequently, the total number of helium atoms which are liberated in the course of the complete transformation of a single atom of uranium is eight. From this result and the remarkable measurement made by Rutherford and Geiger--that 3-4 X1010 a-particles or atoms of helium are expelled per second from a gram of radium--it is possible to calculate that the annual production of helium from a gram of uranium in equilibrium with all the...
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