This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1903 edition. Excerpt: ...The muscles represent special habits and combinations of movements fitted either to close up upon and hold stimulations, or to draw away from and escape them; and these are antithetic ways of behaviour. It is evident, however, that this explanation of antithetic functions was not possible on the old ...
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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1903 edition. Excerpt: ...The muscles represent special habits and combinations of movements fitted either to close up upon and hold stimulations, or to draw away from and escape them; and these are antithetic ways of behaviour. It is evident, however, that this explanation of antithetic functions was not possible on the old theory of the nature of emotion, the theory that the emotions are so many distinct mental acts or functions which 'express' themselves outwards in the muscles. For expressions of such a kind might just as well as not come into opposition with hedonic expression, or they might clash with the reactions most useful for the organism in relation to its environment, or, again, they might, by their cross currents, prevent the development of a muscular system on any consistent plan. The old view gave rise to all kinds of dualism; the dualism between pleasure-pain and emotion being most of all invited.1 It is the force of such a criticism, implicitly felt rather than clearly recognized, that has led so many psychologists to claim that emotion is only a compounded state of pleasures or pains, a position which well deserves the description given it by James:2 "This is a hackneyed psychological doctrine, but on any theory of the seat of emotion it seems to me one of the most artificial and scholastic of the untruths that disfigure our science. One might as well say that the essence of prismatic colour is pleasure and pain." This view of antithetical reactions is also impossible on the current biological theories of development; that is, either on the theory that accounts for all development by 1 See my criticism of such a dualism in the work of Marshall Pleasure, Pain, and Msthetics), in The Psychological Review, I., November, 1894, p. 619 f. 1...
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