Literary scholars have been analyzing Bartleby the Scrivener ever since Putnam's Monthly Magazine published the story in its November and December 1853 issues. And they psycho-analyze Melville the author as well, for he either purely imagined and created Bartleby-or maybe lifted him from a newspaper article he had read-or composited certain teachings of Jesus Christ into a Bartleby person-or symbolized his own emotional reaction to the departure of neighbor, mentor and dear friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had recently moved ...
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Literary scholars have been analyzing Bartleby the Scrivener ever since Putnam's Monthly Magazine published the story in its November and December 1853 issues. And they psycho-analyze Melville the author as well, for he either purely imagined and created Bartleby-or maybe lifted him from a newspaper article he had read-or composited certain teachings of Jesus Christ into a Bartleby person-or symbolized his own emotional reaction to the departure of neighbor, mentor and dear friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had recently moved away. Theories have continued to proliferate in literary circles about the origin(s) and constitution of Bartleby, but none have risen above theory, leaving everyday readers free to reflect on the Bartleby puzzle and decide for ourselves just what this amazing character represents, or even, if we are so inclined, to research Melville and guess how Bartleby came to be. Here are two clues. First, the story originally came with- and sometimes still carries-a subtitle: A Story of Wall Street. Second, when Herman Melville went to work on Bartleby, he was in a bad state of mind. Despite enjoying early success as an author, his masterpiece, Moby Dick, had flopped in 1851. Many critics, mainly American, did not like it, and not many readers anywhere were buying it. His follow- up novel, Pierre, fared even worse in both ways. Melville's future as a financially secure writer was thus in jeopardy, and family members were pressuring him to do better or find a new occupation. Melville was a highly skilled, diligent author who knew the degree of his talent and the huge amount of effort he expended in bringing his novels to completion. With the rejection of his latest work, growing doubts about his talent, and pressure to do better financially, Melville probably developed a huge distaste for the business of publishing, or even the business of business, a distaste perhaps signaled by the Wall Street setting and the story's subtitle. Was the skilled and diligent worker Bartleby standing in for Melville when he rebuffed his Wall Street employer who was telling him to check over his work? Perhaps Melville's Bartleby was simply rebelling against the insensibility of the marketplace, a money-culture oblivious to all except accumulating anything and everything in the easiest way possible. Why wouldn't Melville, a hard-working genius who had just created a masterpiece that was rejected in the marketplace, respond by creating a character who snubs Wall Street, a symbol of the culture that had discounted and rejected him? Seems as possible as anything else.
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I first read Herman Melville's short story "Bartelby, The Scrivener" many years ago as a third-year law student. I had already become deadened with the study of law books and would leave the law late in the evenings for the large undergraduate library to read. There I found "Bartelby". With its portrayal of the drudgery of a mid-nineteenth century law office in Manhattan and of the loneliness of city life, "Bartelby" was not the most welcoming introduction to the profession and culture I was about to join. Still, I had been looking forward to the career and to a life within the system, as it was called then, rather than to a life of social anger and alienation as a critic of American culture propounding the sort of critiques that were common in the 1960s and early 1970s and remain so today. I worked for several years in a large law firm and then worked for 30 years for the Federal government before retiring.
In the intervening years, I thought about "Bartelby" many times and talked about it with family, friends, and colleagues. The book stayed with me, in the law office and out. I also returned frequently to other works of Melville. I recently revisited "Bartelby" in the context of reading a new book of essays about Melville in preparation for writing a review. While thinking about the essays, I decided first to set down my own thoughts about "Bartelby".
"Bartelby" has become a much-read work. It is taught in college and high school and is the subject of uncountable academic commentaries. Melville's story has also entered popular culture in films and other ways. I have read in the literature about "Bartelby" but the goal is to keep the work fresh as it was when I read it and unencumbered by the commentaries that have shaped much of my other reading over the years. Melville's story is told in jargon-free language, unlike the language of many critics, but it remains enigmatic and thoughtful. Readers should tease out its meaning for themselves in their own lives.
The story is narrated in the first person by a "rather elderly man", a lawyer. He is not a litigator but instead spends his time with preparing complex legal documents such as contracts, wills, or deeds. In the 1850s these documents, sometimes running into hundreds of pages, had to be laboriously copied by hand by scribes, called scriveners. The narrator has a sharp, observant, judgmental eye and describes his experiences with two scriveners and a "go-for" in his employ. When he needs another scrivener, he hires a young, tall, quiet man, Bartelby. While Bartelby first applies himself to the task at hand, he soon responds to his employer's request to perform work-related tasks with the phrase "I would prefer not to", a response that has become classic in literature. As the novel progresses, Bartelby becomes increasing obstinate and the lawyer increasing frustrated. Bartelby is homeless and is found spending his nights in the law office where he subsists on nuts and cheese. The narrator is a decent sort and tries to help Bartelby but here too he is turned away with the phrase "I would prefer not to". The lawyer is driven to find another office and Bartelby is ultimately carried away as a vagrant to the Tombs where he soon dies. The narrator hears stories of Bartelby's lost earlier life working in dead-letters at the post office. The lawyer's final observation is: "Ah Bartelby! Ah humanity"! They are words of compassion.
When I read the story years ago, I saw it as showing loneliness and the sense of frustration in the lives lived by many. Melville, was not fond of the type of life he portrayed in "Bartelby". Still, the book was not entirely off-putting in its portrayal of urban life and of life in a law office. There is a sense of necessity in the book which presents its story as part of the human condition rather than as a consequence only of American culture and society which could be changed and cured. The story assumes a religious cast as the narrator reflects on his experiences, reads the various views of theologian Jonathan Edwards and scientist Joseph Priestly on the nature of necessity and thinks about the Biblical injunction: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye love one another." The narrator finds a sense of compassion in his own lonely life that he hadn't had before.
The story over the years I think taught me about loneliness and solitude but also about promise. I think it helped cultivate in me a sense of detachment while reinforcing the value of work and of carrying on in the everyday world in which one finds oneself which too has its value. It is a book of sadness and hope which has stayed with me. "Bartelby" finds its readers among the young. It is a story to be taken to heart individually and personally.
